When a user logs into the application, they provide their username and password to the backend. The backend verifies these credentials and, if they are valid, generates a JSON Web Token (JWT) containing information such as the user's ID and roles. This JWT is signed with a secret key unique to the server and sent back to the client. The client securely stores the JWT, commonly in browser storage or as an HTTP-only cookie. When the user attempts to access protected resources or perform specific tasks, the client sends the JWT with the request to the backend. The backend then verifies the integrity of the token by checking its signature. If the signature is valid, the backend extracts the user information from the JWT payload and processes the request accordingly, ensuring that the user has the necessary permissions based on their roles and authorization level. Additionally, JWTs often have an expiration time, after which the token becomes invalid, prompting the user to re-authenticate for continued access
Reading Bertrand Russell’s A History of Western Philosophy felt like stepping into the grand, winding corridors of Western thought — with Russell himself as your witty, insightful, and occasionally snarky guide. I didn’t open this book expecting to agree with everything. What I wanted was clarity, structure, and a sense of how all these big thinkers across the centuries connect. And that’s exactly what this book delivered, with a tone that balances intellect and irreverence brilliantly. Russell doesn’t just list philosophers. He sketches their ideas, yes, but also their lives, their contradictions, their blind spots. From the ancient Greeks to the modern rationalists, he doesn’t hesitate to praise where it's due, but he also critiques with surgical precision. He brings Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche — and so many more — into sharp, readable focus. What makes this book stand out to me is that Russell writes as both a philosopher and a histor...

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