How does JWT Authorization works

When a user logs into the application, they provide their username and password to the backend. The backend verifies these credentials and, if they are valid, generates a JSON Web Token (JWT) containing information such as the user's ID and roles. This JWT is signed with a secret key unique to the server and sent back to the client. The client securely stores the JWT, commonly in browser storage or as an HTTP-only cookie. When the user attempts to access protected resources or perform specific tasks, the client sends the JWT with the request to the backend. The backend then verifies the integrity of the token by checking its signature. If the signature is valid, the backend extracts the user information from the JWT payload and processes the request accordingly, ensuring that the user has the necessary permissions based on their roles and authorization level. Additionally, JWTs often have an expiration time, after which the token becomes invalid, prompting the user to re-authenticate for continued access

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Book Review - "The Selfish Gene" – A Personal Review and Reflection

Some books explain things. Others reframe how you understand reality. Richard Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene definitely falls into the second category. I went in expecting a book about biology — what I got was a radical shift in how I think about life, evolution, and even human behavior. Right from the opening, Dawkins does something bold: he asks us to stop thinking of evolution as being about individuals or species, and to focus instead on genes. Genes, he argues, are the real players in evolution — long-lasting replicators, using bodies as temporary vehicles to get themselves copied. This shift from the organism to the gene as the central unit of natural selection is what makes the book so groundbreaking. Now, the term “selfish” isn’t meant morally — it’s metaphorical. Genes aren’t conscious or evil. But they “behave,” in an evolutionary sense, as if they’re selfish — doing whatever increases their chances of being passed on. That means creating organisms that are ...

Book Review - "A History of Western Philosophy" – A Personal Review and Reflection

Reading Bertrand Russell’s A History of Western Philosophy felt like stepping into the grand, winding corridors of Western thought — with Russell himself as your witty, insightful, and occasionally snarky guide. I didn’t open this book expecting to agree with everything. What I wanted was clarity, structure, and a sense of how all these big thinkers across the centuries connect. And that’s exactly what this book delivered, with a tone that balances intellect and irreverence brilliantly. Russell doesn’t just list philosophers. He sketches their ideas, yes, but also their lives, their contradictions, their blind spots. From the ancient Greeks to the modern rationalists, he doesn’t hesitate to praise where it's due, but he also critiques with surgical precision. He brings Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche — and so many more — into sharp, readable focus. What makes this book stand out to me is that Russell writes as both a philosopher and a histor...

Book Review - "The Second Sex" – A Personal Review and Reflection

There are books you read, and then there are books that read you back . The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir belongs to the latter. I didn’t pick it up expecting comfort or entertainment. I picked it up because I wanted to understand something deeper about the world we live in, about history, identity, and freedom. What I found was not just theory or analysis — it was confrontation. And reflection. And a kind of awakening. De Beauvoir begins with the bold and now iconic line: "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman." That line alone blew my mind when I first read it. It completely dismantles the idea that gender is purely biological or natural. What she argues, with clarity and a kind of piercing logic, is that womanhood is constructed — built by layers of culture, religion, tradition, and economic roles over time. And that construction hasn't exactly been kind. The book is structured in two main volumes: Facts and Myths and Lived Experience . In Facts and Myth...

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